Lake Region Union High School

Mechanics of English Cover

Mechanics of English Handbook

Originally compiled by Polly Moran & Sue Ferland, 1992
Revised by the Lake Region Union High School English Department, 2001-2002

Printed by the Memphremagog Press, Newport, Vermont


Our thanks to Garret Keizer for his support of the original 1992 project.
In compiling this handbook, we acknowledge the use of the following texts:
Handbook of English (Orgel)
Words and Sentences (Battles and Packard)
English Grammar and Composition (Warriner's)
The Elements of Grammar (Shertzer)
A Handbook of Non-Sexist Writing (Miller and Swift)
In producing the 2001-2002 revision of this handbook, we recognize the work of Sara McKenny, Julie Laforce, Susan Guilmette, Brett Hoffman, Peter Thomas, Rick Kelley, and Charlie Powell.


TABLE OF CONTENTS
I. Capitalization: Pages 1-5
II. Endmarks: Page 6
III. Comma: Pages 7-8
IV. Quotation Marks: Pages 9-10
V. Apostrophe: Pages 11-12
VI. Colon: Page 13
VII. Semicolon: Page 13
VIII. Hyphen: Page 14
IX. Dash: Page 15
X. Parentheses: Page 15
XI. Underlining and Italics: Page 16
XII. Ellipsis: Pages 17-18
XIII. A, An: Page 18
XIV. Troublesome Words: Pages 19-25
XV. Writing Refinements: Page 26
XVI. Spelling Demons: Pages 27-28


I. (A, B, C) CAPITALIZATION
A. Capitalize the first word in a sentence and direct quotation.
ex. (sentence) Why the boat was lost is a mystery.
(direct quotation) The principal said, "Unless you have a class, stay out of the academic wing."
(poem) "When I go away from you
The world beats dead
Like a slackened drum." Lowell
B. Capitalize the first word and all important words in the titles of books, booklets, poems, songs, short stories, periodicals, newspapers, movies, plays, works of art, television shows, and musicals.
ex. (book) Of Mice and Men
(booklet) Mechanics of English
(poem) "My Papa's Waltz"
(song) "Moonlight in Vermont"
(short story) "The Lottery"
(periodical) Snowboarding
(newspaper) The Chronicle
(movie) The Matrix
(play) Death of a Salesman
(art) Mona Lisa
(television show) The Simpsons
(musical) West Side Story
Do not capitalize a,an , or the unless it is the first word in the title.
C. Capitalize the words land 0. Do not capitalize oh unless it is the first word in a sentence.
ex. "Either you or I should go," said the minister.
"It's O for the manly life in the camp!" Whitman
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D. Capitalize a proper noun (name of a particular person, place, or thing).
ex. (person) Larry Gaboriault
(place) Lake Region Union High School
(thing) Statue of Liberty
E. Capitalize a proper adjective formed from a proper noun .
ex. Swiss chocolate, Italian cities, French-Canadian ancestry
F. Capitalize names, including initials of a person.
1. Capitalize a person's title when it is used as a part of his/her name.
ex. Dr. Moseley
Senator Patrick Leahy
The Reverend Martin Luther King, Jr.
Mrs. Julie Laforce
Pope John Paul II
President Abraham Lincoln
2. In other cases, titles are not capitalized.
ex. Dr. Moseley is my doctor.
My mother is an astronaut.
3. Capitalize a title used in direct address.
ex. Tell me, Doctor, when the cast will be removed.
May I go to the movies, Mother?
G. Capitalize relationship when used with the name.
ex. Aunt Ruth, Pepere Renaud
H. Capitalize the names of ethnic groups and nationalities.
ex. Americans, French, Utes, Japanese

2


I. Capitalize geographical terms: continents, countries, states, counties, cities, towns, streets, roads, highways, rivers, lakes, mountains, parks, deserts, and areas.
ex. (continent) North America
(country) Japan
(state) Vermont
(county) Orleans
(city) Burlington
(town) Barton
(street) Elm Street
(road) Duck Pond Road
(highway) Kennedy Highway
(river) Black River
(lake) Crystal Lake
(mountain) Mount Pisgah
(park) Brighton State Park
(desert) Gobi Desert
(area) the South (My parents spend the winter in the South.)
the Northeast Kingdom
Note: Do not capitalize direction.
ex. Barton is south of Orleans.
J. Capitalize the names of organizations, institutions, political parties, and their members.
ex. (organization) the Red Cross
(institution) Lake Region Union High School
(institution) Jones Memorial Library
(political party) the Republican Party
(members) Democrats
K. Capitalize the names of businesses and brand names of products.
ex. Ethan Allen Corporation, Harley Davidson, Irish Spring, Skittles, Chevy

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L. Capitalize the names of ships, planes, trains, monuments, and bridges.
ex. (ship) Santa Maria
(plane) Air Force One
(train) Amtrak
(monument) Vietnam Memorial
(bridge) Golden Gate Bridge
M. Capitalize the names of planets and heavenly bodies.
ex. Mars, Jupiter, Little Dipper, Earth (when referred to as a planet)
Exception: Unless they are listed with other heavenly bodies, sun ,moon , and earth are not capitalized.
ex. The earth was dry because we had so little rain.
N. Capitalize historical events, eras, calendar terms, and holidays.
ex. D-Day, the Stone Age, the Depression, June, Tuesday, Memorial Day
0. Capitalize religious terms, the Bible and its books, and the names of deities.
ex. God, Book of Job, the Torah, Seder, the Lord, Catholic, Allah, Genesis, Baptist
P. Capitalize the names of specific courses and all language courses.
ex. Economics II
French
Geometry
English Literature I
Note: General subject names such as economics, science, and mathematics should not be capitalized.
ex. I liked the science course I took last year.

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Q. Capitalize acronyms (new words formed from the first letters of a group of words), specific abbreviations, and initials.
ex. WMOO, UFO, FBI, D.D.S., M.D., E.M. Brown
R. Capitalize the important words in the salutation of a letter.
ex. To Whom It May Concern:
Dear Admissions Officer:
S. Capitalize the first word in the closing of a letter.
ex. Very truly yours,
Sincerely yours,
T. In outlining, capitalize the first word of each main division and subdivision.
ex.
I. Women in politics
A. State
B. Local
II. Minorities in politics
U. Capitalize awards, documents, and laws.
ex. the Emmy, the Donna Underwood English Award, the First Amendment
V. The two-letter code of state abbreviations is in capital letters and is never followed by a period.
ex. VT
NY
OH

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II. (. ? !) ENDMARKS
A. (.) Use a period at the end of an imperative sentence, a declarative sentence, and after an abbreviation.
ex. imperative sentence: Please open your books to page thirteen.
declarative sentence: The school in lrasburg is built of brick.
abbreviations: Dr., A.M., Ms., etc., p. (page)
B. (?) Use a question mark after an interrogative sentence and after an interrogative pronoun used as a sentence.
ex. interrogative sentence: Where in Glover is the area called Andersonville located?
interrogative pronoun used as a sentence: Why? What?
C. (!) Use an exclamation point after an exclamatory sentence and after an exclamation used as a sentence.
ex. exclamatory sentence: A huge trout jumped the Willoughby Falls!
exclamation used as a sentence: Help! Great!
D. Never use more than one endmark at the end of a sentence.
ex. The school day ends at 3:00 P.M.

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III. (,) COMMA
A. Use commas to separate items in a series.
ex. Students from Barton, Orleans, and Brownington visited Lake Region last Tuesday.
B. Use commas to separate two or more adjectives preceding a noun.
ex. The hot, crowded, noisy cafeteria gave me a headache.
C. Use commas before and, but, or, nor, for, so, and yet when they join independent clauses.
ex. Lake Willoughby is in the quiet town of Westmore, and Crystal Lake lies in the bustling town of Barton.
Exception: The comma may be omitted before and, but, or , or nor when the independent clauses are short.
ex. Albany has one school and Westmore has none.
D. Use commas to set off nonessential (nonrestrictive) clauses and nonessential participial phrases.
ex. (non-restrictive clause) Vermont, which is one of our least populated states, is the nation's leading producer of maple syrup.
(non-essential participial phrase) John, trying to see where the noise came from, tripped and fell down the stairs.
E. Use commas after certain introductory elements.
1. Use a comma after words such as well, yes, no , and oh when they begin a sentence.
ex. Yes, she works in the summer at Taylor's Automotive in Barton.
2. Use a comma after an introductory participial phrase.
ex. Turning down the street, I was able to see Barton Motors.
3. Use a comma after a succession of introductory prepositional phrases.
ex. At the end of the season in basketball, the coaches select their most valuable players.

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4. Use a comma after an introductory adverbial clause.
ex. When the snow continued to fall at night, we were sure school would be canceled the next day.
F. Use commas to set off elements that interrupt the sentence.
ex. Martha, by the way, works on the ski patrol at Jay Peak.
G. Use a comma to separate items in dates and addresses. If words follow the last item in a date or address, a comma follows the last item in the date or address.
ex. My sister was born in Newport, Vermont, on Sunday, February 27, 2001, at 2:01 in the morning.
H. Use a comma after the salutation in a friendly letter and after the closing of any letter.
ex. Dear Mary,
Very truly yours,
I. Use a comma after a name followed by Jr., Sr., M.D., etc.
ex. Martin Luther King, Jr.
David Alsobrook, M.D.
J. Use a comma to set off an appositive (a noun or phrase that follows another noun to identify or explain it).
ex. David Guterson, author of Snow Falling on Cedars , began writing as a teenager.
K. Use a comma to set off words in direct address.
ex. Mr. Blackburn, please call Room 202.

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IV. (" ") QUOTATION MARKS
A. Quotation marks are used in a direct quote.
ex. "How many students are enrolled at Lake Region?" asked the new student.
B. If there is a quote within a quote, use single quotation marks (' ') to enclose the quote within a quote.
ex. Sara said, "I distinctly heard Mr. Castle say, 'There are 394!'"
C. When a quoted sentence is divided into two parts by an interrupting expression such as he said or Mother asked , the second part begins with a small letter. Each part of the actual quotation is placed in quotation marks.
ex. "You may ride with us," Julie said, "because we have plenty of room."
D. If the quote is two complete sentences, the second sentence begins with a capital.
ex. "You may ride with us," Mary said. "We have plenty of room."
E. Commas and periods should go inside quotation marks.
ex. "You may ride with me," Peter said.
Susan said, "You may ride with me."
F. A question mark or an exclamation point goes inside the quotation marks if it belongs to the quotation.
ex. "Did you pass the driving test?" Paul asked.
"We're number one!" shouted the Lake Region fans.
G. If the question mark or exclamation point does not belong to the quotation, it is placed outside the quotation marks.
ex. Have you read her latest poem, "Broken"?

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H. Indent a long quotation two inches on each margin and set it apart from the body of the paper by skipping a space above and below. If typing, single space the indented quote. Never enclose an indented quote in quotation marks.
I. Dialogue occurs when two or more people are conversing. Each time the speaker changes, a new paragraph is required.
ex.
      "Did you pass your driving test?" my mother asked.
      "It was a piece of cake, Mom," I replied.
      "This doesn't mean you'll have unlimited use of the car, you know," Mom continued.
      "I won't be unreasonable about it, but think of all the
errands I can do for you," I answered. J. Titles of chapters, articles, short stories, songs, essays, and poems are in quotation marks.
ex. (chapter heading) "Finding Your Voice"
(article) "Vermonters Bound to Protect New York City"
(short story) "Sucker"
(song) "God Bless America"
(essay) "A Modest Proposal"
(poem) "The Road Not Taken"

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V. (') APOSTROPHE
A. Use an apostrophe to show possession.
1. To show possession of a singular noun, add an apostrophe and s.
ex. Peggy's coat, the book's title
Lake Region's principal, Charles's book
2. Most plural nouns end in s. To show possession add only an apostrophe.
ex. girls' coats, students' lockers
Exception: If a plural noun does not end in s, add an apostrophe and an s.
ex. men's cars, children's toys, oxen's tails
B. With a compound noun, only the last part of such a noun shows possession.
ex. father-in-law's business
Secretary of Labor's signature
C. In joint ownership, only the last name has an apostrophe and s.
ex. Jack and Jill's house
D. In separate ownership each name shows possession.
ex. Sarah's and Mary's husbands
E. To show possession of indefinite pronouns, add an apostrophe and s.
ex. somebody's car keys, everybody's business
F. Apostrophes are never used in the possessive form of personal pronouns.
ex. yours, ours, hers, its, theirs

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G. When used as adjectives, words denoting time/amount are in the possessive form.
ex. a day's work, a dollar's worth, one month's salary
H. Plurals of numbers, letters, signs, and of words referred to as words are indicated by adding an apostrophe and s.
ex. Your 3's are illegible.
There are four i's in Mississippi.
You have too many and's in your sentence.
I. The apostrophe is also used to replace numbers.
ex. the class of '02, the flood of '27
J. In a contraction an apostrophe is used to indicate missing letters.
ex. (can & not) I can't go.
(you & will) You'll make the grade if you persevere.
(we & have) We've accomplished our goal.
(it & is) It's time to review for exams.

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VI. (:) COLON
A. Use a colon before a list of items, especially after the expressions as follows or the following .
ex. For your permit test you will need to bring the following: a proof of age, a check, and a pencil.
Exception: When a list immediately follows a verb, a preposition, do not use a colon.
ex. You will need to bring candy, cookies, and spoons.
For breakfast at Lake Region there are bagels, hot chocolate, and orange juice.
B. Use a colon between the hour and minute in writing time.
ex. 9:45 P.M.
C. Use a colon between chapter and verse in referring to passages from the Bible .
ex. Genesis 2: 1-10
D. Use a colon after the salutation of a business letter .
ex. Dear Ms. Cota:
To Whom It May Concern:

VII. (;) SEMICOLON
A. Use a semicolon between independent clauses in a sentence if they are not joined by and, but, or, nor, for ,so, or yet .
ex. Peter likes living on a farm; John is glad he lives in town.
B. Use a semicolon between equal elements (often called a complex series or list) that contain commas.
ex. The positions were chosen as follows: Bill, first base; Susan, second base; Stuart, third base; and Roberta, catcher.

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VIII. (-) HYPHEN
A. Use a hyphen to divide a word at the end of a line of writing. Always divide a word between syllables. Never leave a one-letter syllable on a line alone. Never divide a one-syllable word.
ex. The spectacular colors of the autumn foliage bring many tourists to Vermont.
Exception: Do not divide proper nouns or proper adjectives.
B. Use a hyphen with the prefixes ex-, self-, all- , and with the suffix -elect , and with all prefixes before a proper noun or adjective.
ex. ex-husband, self-taught, all-encompassing, President-elect, mid-August
C. Use a hyphen with compound numbers from twenty-one to ninety-nine and with fractions used as adjectives.
ex. My mother is thirty-three.
I purchased one-half pound of coffee.
D. Use a hyphen with compound modifiers.
ex. first-base umpire, jet-black hair, twelve-foot pole
E. Use a hyphen to form certain compound words .
ex. mother-in-law, hand-to-hand, happy-go-lucky

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IX. (--) DASH Use a dash to indicate an abrupt break in thought or speech or an unfinished statement or question.
ex. Andre--Mr. Messier, I mean--is the assistant principal at Lake Region.
"Why don't you--" Rose began and then stopped. X. ( ) PARENTHESES
Use parentheses to enclose material that is added to a sentence but is not considered of major importance.
ex. Plan to join us tomorrow on our hike up Wheeler Mountain (Remember to wear your comfortable shoes.).
Mrs. Hamblett is from the area (Newport).
Note: End punctuation marks are placed inside parentheses when they belong with the parenthetical material, as in the first example.
However, end punctuation is not placed within parentheses if it belongs to the sentence as a whole, as in the second example sentence.

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XI. (__________) UNDERLINING/ITALICS Note: In printed material (material that has been professionally typeset) italics are used in place of underlining. However, for all material written or typewritten by students, underlining should be used. A. Underlining is used to denote titles of books, newspapers, magazines, works of art, plays, long poems, movies, radio and television series, long musical compositions, sculpture, planes, spacecraft, and ships.
ex.
(book) The Grapes of Wrath
(newspaper) The New York Times
(magazine) Sports Illustrated
(pamphlet) Mechanics of English
(work of art) Whistler's Mother
(play) Our Town
(long poem) The Odyssey
(movie) Saving Private Ryan
(television series) The Simpsons
(musical composition) Beethoven's Fifth
(sculpture) Venus de Milo
(plane) Air Force One
(spacecraft) International Space Station
(ship) Titanic
Exception: Do not underline names of trains.
Exception: Do not underline the Bible, books of the Bible, and other books of sacred scripture.
B. Use underlining for words, letters, figures referred to as such, and foreign words.
ex. The word recommendation has one cand two m' s.
The 5on that room number looks like a 3.
Say arrivederci to your fears, and try new activities.
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XII. (...) ELLIPSIS
A. Use three spaced dots, called an ellipsis, to indicate omission of parts of a sentence.
original: That woman, who happens to be my English teacher, makes the prettiest quilts in the Northeast Kingdom .
with ellipsis: "That woman ... makes the prettiest quilts in the Northeast Kingdom."
B. If omitted material follows a complete sentence, use four dots, one being the period for the sentence.
original: Alexander Twilight built the Old Stone House. He is said to have done so with the help of an ox, and to have butchered it on the top floor when he realized he could not take the live animal out of the building. You can see a portrait of Twilight at the Old Stone House today.
with ellipsis: "Alexander Twilight built the Old Stone House. . . . You can see a portrait of Twilight at the Old Stone House today."
C. If the end of a sentence is omitted, use four dots as in the rule above.
original: James Hayford helped found a college and a political party and has written both music and a children’s novel. He is most likely to be remembered, however, as a poet.
with ellipsis: "James Hayford helped found a college and a political party .... He is most likely to be remembered, however, as a poet."
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D. Do not use an ellipsis if the quoted material is obviously a fragment.
original: An accurate history of agriculture in Vermont will need to acknowledge the significant and often heroic contributions of women, both as versatile "farm wives" and as farmers themselves.
fragmentary quote: My grandmother’s life provides many examples of "the significant and often heroic contributions of women" to farming in Vermont. XIII. A, AN
A. An is used before a word beginning with a vowel (a, e, i, o, u).
ex. an elephant, an opponent, an apple, an umbrella B. Ais used before a word beginning with a consonant (all other letters).
ex. a ball, a ladder, a jacket, a zebra, a historic moment

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XIV. TROUBLESOME WORDS accept--to receive: Please accept my apology.
except--to exclude: All of us except Larry are going to the game on Friday.
affect--(verb) to influence, to change: Lack of education can affect a person’s opportunity to obtain rewarding employment.
effect--(noun) result: The enthusiasm of the staff at Lake Region has had a positive effect on student learning.
effect--(verb) to accomplish: A new principal of a high school usually seeks to effect change in the school.
all right--the correct form: It was all right with me if his sister came along with us to the concert.
alright--no such spelling (colloquial)
a lot--correct form: A lot of hot dogs are consumed during the summer.
alot no such spelling
all ready--entirely ready: The work is all ready for us.
already--action has occurred: I have already finished.
all together--in a body: The family is all together.
altogether-- entirely: You are altogether right.
allusion--an indirect reference: In A Raisin in the Sun ,
Beneatha exclaims, "I’ll become a queen of the Nile." This is an allusion.
delusion--an error of judgment: He was under the delusion that he played basketball like Michael Jordan.
illusion--an error of vision: While lost in the desert, I saw an illusion of a crystal clear lake.

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altar--(noun) a sacred place of worship: The altar in St. Paul’s Church is marble.
alter--(verb) to change: The sentence is a run-on, so I must alter it.
among--Use among when reference is to more than two: We divided the hot dogs among the team members .
between--Use between when reference is made to only two persons, places, or things: What is the greatest similarity between Barton and Orleans?
ascent--act of rising: The ascent of Mount Pisgah was tiring.
assent--consent: Please give your assent to my offer.
beside--at the side of: I sat on the bleachers beside Roger.
besides--in addition to: Besides dairy products and meat, fruits, vegetables, and grains should be included in our diets.
bring --to convey toward (the speaker): I will bring baked beans to the potluck supper.
take--to carry from (the speaker): Take your early dismissal slip to your teacher.
capital--the seat of government of a state or country: The capital of Vermont is Montpelier. money invested in a business: My capital is invested in government bonds.
capitol--a building in which a state legislative body meets: The capitol has a dome.

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cite--to summon to appear before a court: If you drive while intoxicated, you may be cited to appear in court.
to quote by way of authority of proof: I cited my textbook during my debate on the causes of the Depression.
sight--a view: The reflected colors of autumn in Lake Willoughby are a sight to remember.
site--a place: The site of my new camp is on the north side of Parker Pond. Google is my favorite web site.
close--to shut: Please close the door.
to bring to an end: The close of the school day is always welcome.
clothes--wearing apparel: Variety is evident in the clothes worn by Lake Region students.
cloths--fabrics: Rags are used for dust cloths.
coarse-- rough: Denim is a coarse fabric.
course--a direction of going: After traveling for miles, we realized we were on the wrong course.
part of a meal: The salad course is usually served before the entree.
part of a program of studies: The junior/senior course of studies in the English Department is elective.
compare--to bring things together, to note points of similarity or difference: In this essay you must compare Lake Region and North Country.
contrast-- to bring together, to note points of difference: In your next essay you will contrast Lake Region and North Country.


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dying--ceasing to live: Dying is inevitable.
dyeing--coloring: I am dyeing woolen strips for my braided rugs.
emigrate (from)--to move from a country: Many of our ancestors emigrated from nearby Quebec to Vermont.
immigrate (to)--the moving into a country: Most of us will not immigrate to Canada.
eminent--outstanding, high, lofty: The eminent reputation Lake Region enjoys is a tribute to the taxpayers, parents, students, and staff.
imminent--threatening to happen soon: As the wind picked up on the lake, we knew a storm was imminent.
further--used to indicate time, quality, degree: Overprotecting children can lead to further dependence on parents.
farther--used for geographical distance : Newport is farther from Lake Region than Orleans.
flammable and inflammable--synonyms meaning capable of being easily ignited: Flammable (inflammable) materials
must be carefully handled.
formally--ceremoniously or officially: Outstanding students at Lake Region are formally inducted into the National Honor Society.
formerly--in times past: Students at Lake Region formerly attended schools in Barton, Orleans, Brownington, Glover, Irasburg, Albany, and Craftsbury.
fort-- forward: After graduation, the students go forth to pursue their careers.
fourth--the next after third: My brother is in the fourth grade.

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hanged--used when speaking of a person: The escaped slave was hanged from the oak tree.
hung--used when speaking of an object: The picture was hung over the fireplace.
imply--the speaker implies: By your tone you imply a sense of guilt.
infer--the listener infers: Because of the defendant’s testimony, the jury could only infer his guilt.
its--used to show possession: Lake Region is proud of its academic reputation.
it’s--contraction meaning it is: It’s too late to sign up for Advanced Placement English.
lay--to set down: Lay the book on my desk.
lie--to recline: Since you’re not feeling well, go lie down.
Note that the past tense of lie is lay : Yesterday I was tired, so I lay down on the couch to take a nap.
leave--to depart from: Mary will leave for Ireland next week.
let--to allow: Let me keep score.
loose--free from restraint: The dog is loose once again.
loosen--to free: I must loosen my belt after that huge meal!
lose--to mislay: Take care of your car key, or you may lose them.
marital--pertaining to marriage: The young couple received counseling to try to resolve their marital problems.
martial--pertaining to war, military: Martial law was imposed to help keep peace after the riots.
marshal--an official: The marshal led the parade.
overdo-- to do too much: If you overdo aerobic exercises, you may do more harm than good.
overdue--past the due date or time: Is your library book overdue?

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partition--a division: The study hall is divided by a sliding partition .
petition--a formal written request: The petition was signed by seventy-five people.
persecute--to oppress, to subject to persistent ill treatment: It is inhumane to persecute others.
prosecute--to sue or bring legal charges against: The attorney decided to prosecute when he received the new evidence.
personal--individual, private: It is my personal opinion that some children watch too much television.
personnel--a staff of an organization: We noted the helpfulness of the personnel at Lake Region.
precede--to go before: At assemblies, the seniors precede the other classes into the gymnasium.
proceed--to begin: Proceed with your speech to the class.
principal--most important: The principal actor became ill and had to be replaced.
person in controlling authority or the administrative head of a school: Lake Region has had several principals in its history, Mr. Aubuchon and Mr. Castle being two of them.
principle--law or assumption: Freedom is an underlying principle of our government.
recurrence--act of occurring again or repeatedly: The recurrence of headaches may be a symptom of a more serious problem.
reoccurrence-- no such word
regardless--without regard: He becomes involved in many activities regardless of his academic difficulties.
irregardless--no such word
stationary--not moving, fixed: The steam tables in the kitchen at school are stationary.
stationery--writing material: When writing a letter of application, use business stationery. Remember: eas in the envelope in which you place a friendly or business letter.

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than--used to indicate comparison: John is taller than Paul.
then--used to indicate time: We will eat dinner, then drive to the golf match.
their--used to indicate possession: Many students do their homework in the library.
there--used to indicate a place: I would like to go to England, but I shall probably never get there.
they’re--contraction for they are : They’re probably thinking of us right now.
to--a preposition used to indicate direction: I am going to the movie.
too--very, also, in addition: You may come, too.
two--spelling for the number 2: The two of us can
get in for half price if we attend the matinee.
waiver--the act of giving up a right: His waiver of his title was a shock to all who knew him.
waver--to hesitate: Some people cannot make a decision; they waver over every pro and con.
your--used to indicate possession: Your coat is hanging in the closet.
you’re--a contraction meaning you are: You’re signed up for English Literature II second semester.
who--the nominative form, referring to a person used as a subject or predicate nominative: The athlete who scored the most points this season was Jim. (Note that one should not refer to a person as a "that"--one should not say or write: The athlete that scored the most points this season was Jim.)
whom--the objective form, used as an object of a verb or a preposition: The athlete for whom the applause was loudest was Jessica.

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XV. WRITING REFINEMENTS
A. Do not overuse the word got. If at all possible, avoid got and its other forms, such as gotten and get, completely.
Note: Never use the word got following a contraction.
Incorrect: I’ve got
Correct: I have
B. Do not use the expression try and. The correct expression is try to .
C. Do not overuse the words just, really, or only.
D. Try to avoid cliches and/or trite ways to introduce and conclude essays.
examples to avoid:
My composition is going to be about . . .
As you can see . . .
"a friend until the end"
"through thick and thin"
E. Avoid the use of contractions in formal writing.
F. Do not end a sentence with a preposition.
G. Familiarize yourself with these preferred terms of designation .
African American for Colored or Negro ,learning impaired for mentally retarded ,firefighter for fireman ,Native American for Indian (unless the person referred to comes from India)

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XVI. SPELLING DEMONS

absence
all right
among
alcohol
athlete
awkward
arithmetic
because
believe
business
cemetery
definitely
embarrass
escape
February
forty
illegal
illegible
interest
library
license
meant
misspell
necessary
occasionally
occurrence
often
pastime
probably
psychological
quiet
quite
recommend
restaurant
rhyme
rhythm
really
secretary
separate
sophomore
surprise
through
tragedy
until
usually
Wednesday
which

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PERSONAL SPELLING DEMONS
(Use this page to record words that are difficult for you to spell.)

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